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Historical & documentary evidence on Marx's relation to Darwin is reviewed. It is widely assumed that Marx intended to dedicate the second volume of Capital to Darwin, but the history of the publication of Capital & Marx's intention to dedicate the second & third volumes to his wife make this unlikely. A plausible interpretation of a letter from Darwin, supposed to be to Marx, & regarding a proposed dedication, can in fact be explained as having been sent to Edward Aveling, Eleanor Marx's lover, in relation to his The Students' Darwin (1881). W. H. Stoddard.

Gegenstand der Untersuchung ist das Problem der weltweiten Reproduktion billiger Arbeitskraft im Prozeß der Etablierung und Expansion einer kapitalistischen Weltwirtschaft. Die Integration der Völker der Dritten Welt in ein "System weltmarktorientierter Warenproduktion" vollzog sich über die Zerstörung ihrer Reproduktionsgrundlage und "interkontinentale Migration" (Sklavenhandel). Mit der Abschaffung des Sklavenhandels wurden Zwangsarbeit, Zwangsenteignung und die Einführung von Steuern Instrumente zur Rekrutierung von Arbeitskräften zur Produktion billiger Rohstoffe für die europäische und nordamerikanische Industrie. Komplexe Wanderungsstrukturen in der Dritten Welt und die Existenz einer ländlichen Subsistenzwirtschaft erlaubten mit dem Übergang von der Zwangs- zur Lohnarbeit den kapitalistischen Unternehmen die Externalisierung der Reproduktionskosten der Arbeitskraft. Mit dem verstärkten Einfluß des internationalen "Agrarbusiness" im Agrarsektor der Dritten Welt kam es jedoch zu einiger "Zerstörung der Lebensgrundlage ländlicher Gebiete", zur Zerstörung der ländlichen Subsistenzökonomie und zu Massenabwanderungen in die Städte. Die sich ständig verschärfende urbane Massenarbeitslosigkeit in der Dritten Welt ließ diese Städte zu bevorzugten Standorten weltmarktorientierter Industrieproduktion werden. Es entstand darüberhinaus ein städtischer Subsistenzsektor, der teilweise die Funktion der zurückgegangenen ländlichen Subsistenzökonomie übernehmen konnte. Die Perspektive der analysierten "parasitären Form der Weltmarktproduktion" ist nicht zuletzt abhängig von den Vorleistungen, die ländliche und städtische Subsistenzökonomie für die Reproduktion billiger Arbeitskraft in der Dritten Welt in Zukunft zu erbringen vermögen. (WZ)

Brief of report investigating the fact that too many students who graduate from high school are underprepared for college-level coursework. To address this problem, states are increasingly administering assessments in the 11th grade to measure students' college readiness. Some states are also beginning to offer transition curricula, developed by secondary and postsecondary faculty, that are designed to help at-risk students avoid remediation and become better prepared for the challenges of college. Based largely on interviews with stakeholders in California, New York, Tennessee, and West Virginia, this report describes how these four states have developed initiatives related to early college readiness assessments and transition curricula. Leaders in each state have made particular choices in the design of each program, including what assessment to use; how to determine what level of performance on an assessment aligns with college-level expectations; whether transition curricula should focus on math, English, or both; and how students should be placed into transition courses. In comparing the development of these interventions across states, we identify several central challenges: Given that high school students will attend different colleges and pursue different college programs, how should college readiness be defined? Should transition curricula focus on having students pass remedial placement tests, or should the curricula cover a broader range of skills needed for success in college courses? Should transition courses be offered to all low-performing students or only those who are nearly college ready? While early college assessments and transition curricula are promising approaches for improving students' college readiness, findings from our study suggest that strong collaboration between the K-12 and higher education sectors in developing these initiatives is essential for ensuring that the skills and knowledge taught and assessed in high school are well aligned with those needed for success in college. What is more, program designers need to carefully consider competing priorities concerning initiative goals, populations served, and course content. The study also suggests that state-level commitment to improving college readiness in the form of legislation may be helpful in building support and momentum for these initiatives. More research is needed on the impact of these two interrelated and relatively new interventions. CCRC plans to pursue additional research in the four states discussed in this report.

Too many students who graduate from high school are underprepared for college-level coursework. To address this problem, states are increasingly administering assessments in the 11th grade to measure students' college readiness. Some states are also beginning to offer transition curricula, developed by secondary and postsecondary faculty, that are designed to help at-risk students avoid remediation and become better prepared for the challenges of college. Based largely on interviews with stakeholders in California, New York, Tennessee, and West Virginia, this report describes how these four states have developed initiatives related to early college readiness assessments and transition curricula. Leaders in each state have made particular choices in the design of each program, including what assessment to use; how to determine what level of performance on an assessment aligns with college-level expectations; whether transition curricula should focus on math, English, or both; and how students should be placed into transition courses. In comparing the development of these interventions across states, we identify several central challenges: Given that high school students will attend different colleges and pursue different college programs, how should college readiness be defined? Should transition curricula focus on having students pass remedial placement tests, or should the curricula cover a broader range of skills needed for success in college courses? Should transition courses be offered to all low-performing students or only those who are nearly college ready? While early college assessments and transition curricula are promising approaches for improving students' college readiness, findings from our study suggest that strong collaboration between the K-12 and higher education sectors in developing these initiatives is essential for ensuring that the skills and knowledge taught and assessed in high school are well aligned with those needed for success in college. What is more, program designers need to carefully consider competing priorities concerning initiative goals, populations served, and course content. The study also suggests that state-level commitment to improving college readiness in the form of legislation may be helpful in building support and momentum for these initiatives. More research is needed on the impact of these two interrelated and relatively new interventions. CCRC plans to pursue additional research in the four states discussed in this report.